Do Anti-Aging Drugs Work?

If you have been on Facebook, you have no doubt seen ads for the newest anti-aging drugs and longevity hacks. Or maybe you have listened to a podcast or two that focus on these same issues. I am always curious about the things these ads or podcast guests or hosts say, so I did a deep dive into the current state of this research.

Here it is:

NAD Precursors: Hype or Hope?

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) are supplements that aim to boost levels of NAD, a molecule critical for energy production and cellular repair. NAD declines naturally with age, so the idea of restoring it has captured attention as a way to combat aging.

What the Science Says:

Animal Studies: While NAD precursors have shown promise in some animal studies, particularly in conditions where NAD levels are severely disrupted, their ability to extend lifespan in healthy animals remains inconsistent.

Human Studies: The evidence is sparse and inconclusive. Though these supplements are marketed as anti-aging, studies have yet to demonstrate clear benefits in people.

Concerns:

Stability: These molecules degrade easily, raising questions about their effectiveness in supplement form.

Cancer Risk: Although theoretical, there’s concern that boosting NAD could fuel existing cancers due to its role in cellular metabolism.

Verdict: NAD precursors might help in specific conditions where NAD is critically low, but their broader anti-aging effects are unproven.

Metformin: The Diabetes Drug Turned Anti-Aging Star

Metformin is a well-established diabetes medication that has gained attention for its potential to slow aging. Studies suggest it may reduce cancer risk and improve metabolic health, even in non-diabetics.

What the Science Says:

Animal Studies: Results vary widely. Low doses of metformin have shown slight lifespan extensions in mice, but higher doses can actually shorten lifespan.

Human Evidence: Observational studies suggest diabetics on metformin live longer than those on other medications, but these studies have significant biases that make definitive conclusions difficult.

Concerns:

Side Effects: Many people experience gastrointestinal issues, making it a less attractive option for long-term use.

Exercise Interference: Some data suggest metformin may blunt the benefits of exercise, a cornerstone of healthy aging.

Verdict: Metformin shows potential, particularly for people with metabolic issues, but its effectiveness as a true anti-aging drug remains debatable.

Rapamycin: The Most Promising Geroprotector?

Rapamycin, originally developed to prevent organ transplant rejection, inhibits a protein called mTOR, which plays a central role in aging. It’s often referred to as the gold standard in longevity research.

What the Science Says:

Animal Studies: Rapamycin has extended lifespan across a wide range of species, from mice to worms. Its effects are more consistent and profound than either NAD precursors or metformin.

Human Evidence: While there are fewer studies in humans, early research and anecdotal reports suggest it may improve immune function and overall health when taken intermittently in low doses.

Concerns:

Bureaucratic Barriers: Regulatory hurdles have slowed human trials.

Perceived Risks: Rapamycin’s history as an immune suppressant concerns some, though at low doses, it appears to enhance immune function rather than suppress it.

Verdict: Rapamycin stands out as the most promising longevity drug, but more human studies are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy.

The Bigger Picture: Measuring Aging and Research Challenges

One major hurdle in longevity research is the lack of reliable biomarkers to measure aging and the effectiveness of interventions. Tools like “epigenetic clocks” hold promise but aren’t yet validated for widespread use. This uncertainty makes it difficult to assess how well these drugs work.

Another issue is the influence of commercial interests, particularly with NAD precursors and metformin. Supplements and repurposed drugs are often marketed with exaggerated claims, while rigorous, unbiased studies remain scarce.

Proceed with Caution and change your mindset

While the idea of anti-aging drugs is exciting, it’s clear we’re still in the early days of understanding their true potential. Among the three drugs discussed, rapamycin has the most substantial evidence backing its benefits, but it’s not yet widely studied in humans. Metformin might offer modest benefits for certain people, particularly those with insulin resistance. As for NAD precursors, the hype far outpaces the science.

If you’re considering any of these interventions, it’s essential to weigh the risks and benefits carefully and consult with a healthcare professional. And remember, lifestyle choices like exercise, healthy eating, and sleep remain the most proven strategies for living a longer, healthier life.

Research into longevity drugs is progressing rapidly, and the future looks promising. But for now, skepticism and patience are your best allies in pursuing a longer, healthier life.

While science catches up with these potential breakthroughs, focusing on the basics is key. That’s why I wrote Fitness First: This book dives into the proven, practical strategies you can implement today to improve your health and extend your lifespan. Until these medications are fully dialed in, the fundamentals remain the best tools in our longevity toolkit. Check it out on Amazon!